Linguistics Lecture Essay Example for Free

Linguistics Lecture Essay Today’s Objective †¢ Begin to understand the fundamental ways of thinking in Linguistics. Some properties of grammar †¢ †¢ †¢ creativity generality parity Some properties of grammar: Parity ? all grammars are equally valid prescriptive grammar descriptive grammar ? ? Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No People who live in East Hamilton often say â€Å"I seen him† where they should say â€Å"I saw him† Clicker frequency is BD. Is this statement a scienti?  c observation? A. Yes B. No In Finnish, prepositions come after nouns. Kissa on poydan alla cat is table under â€Å"The cat is under the table† Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No If you end a sentence with a preposition you sound ignorant. Gymboree is one of the stores that I shop at. Gymboree is one of the stores at which I shop. Clicker frequency is BD. Clicker frequency is BD. Some properties of grammar: Universality ? ? ? ? all grammars share some universal properties phonological syntactic etc. Some properties of grammar: Mutability ? ? ? ? all grammars change over time sounds words word forms sentence structures [w] not [hw] in Canada by age Some properties of grammar: Inaccessibility ? almost all grammatical knowledge is unconscious (a. k. a. implicit) How can we observe unconscious knowledge? Some properties of grammar ? ? ? ? ? ? creativity generality parity universality mutability inaccessibility.

Essays --

The Scott Peterson Case. This case was about a couple, Laci and Scott Peterson who everyone thought they had a good life together, good jobs, nice cars, a golden retriever, a new house, and even a new baby on the way. Scott Peterson began to become unhappy and did not want that new baby with all the stress going on, and instead of getting a divorce he decided to kill his own wife and unborn son! On December 24, 2002, Laci Peterson was reported missing by her husband Scott, she was eight months pregnant. Scott acted very calm and collected about his missing wife, he was on a â€Å"fishing trip† at Berkeley Marina and he when he returned home he seen that lacy was not at home and that was gone from early in the morning to the mid afternoon. They called the cops, and the search for Laci began. It was a huge search over 1,000 volunteers signed up to give information about Laci and her disappearance. There was a 25,000 dollar reward that increased up to 250,000 dollars and then was then increased all the way up to 500,000 dollar reward for any leads that would bring her home. There were posters, and fliers and even a website trying to spread the word about Laci’s disappearance and trying to bring her home to her family and friends. But, There were no signs of Laci anywhere, they began to not believe that she would show up safe anytime soon about halfway thru, but th ey kept looking all the way until March 5th, 2003, when it went from a disappearance case, to a homicide case where Scott Peterson is the biggest suspect they have. Then everyone hopes of Laci coming home safe went down the drain on April 13, 2003. there was a couple that was walking their dog along San Francisco Bay shore in Richmond's Point Isabel Regional Shoreline park, th... ...ut right because i don’t think that any other sentence would be okay. This outcome was correct because he doesn’t get to walk as a free man or even live his life how he was and he doesn’t have the chance to hurt anyone else. If you hurt your child and your wife, who that is supposed to be who you love and protect the most when you are an older man. When you choose to hurt them, your own family i believe you will hurt anyone then. I think that the defendant did receive a fair trial because there were more than 6 jurors, there were about 9, because of the ones who got kicked off, due to different reasons. I think that it was many different point of views. I believe that he received no special treatment, there was so many points and evidence against him, including the lies, and everything he lied about. I think that there was no special treatment to even go his way.

Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers

1. (a) I, III, and IV are correct. II is not correct. To explain III, de Broglie's equation states l = h/(mv), so nl = nh/(mv) = 2pi(r). Where: l = wavelength, v = velocity of electron, n = some positive integer, r = distance of electron from center, m = mass of electron. Solve, get mvr = L = nh/2pi. (b) The current wave mechanical model for the atom states that there are an integer number of wavelengths in every standing  integer number (n). 2. (a) The first shell electrons in Lithium are the closest electrons to the nucleus. In addition, there are proportionally more protons to electrons.This pulls the electrons even closer to the nucleus. And in Potassium, the outer shell electrons are a substantial distance from the nucleus. There are a greater number of protons than electrons; however, the large number of electrons dissipates the effect. This is in addition to Lithium being a much smaller neutral atom than Potassium because of the difference in the outer shells. (b) The outer shell for Cl is the same as Cl-; however, Cl-  has more electrons being  attracted by the same number of protons. This weakens the attraction per electron. Since the attraction is weaker, the electrons are farther from the nucleus.Since the attraction is stronger for Cl, the electrons are closer to the nucleus. (c) Although the normal trend is for the ionization energy to increase going to the right in a period, aluminum has a lowered ionization energy and magnesium has a raised ionization energy due to the electron configurations of these two ionizations. This reverses the order of ionization energies. (d) The ionization energy increases each time an electron is removed because there are fewer electrons attracted by the same number of protons while magnesium starts off at a relatively  high value because it begins in one of the preferred forms.The second ionization energy is lowered because losing an electron forms a preferred form and because of this, this is a smaller than normal increase in ionization energy between the first and second ionization energies. The third ionization energy is increased the most because it starts in the most standard form. When you combine this with a lower than normal second ionization energy, you get a very large increase in ionization energy. 3. (a) As you go to the right of the period, there are more protons in the nucleus.The greater attraction makes it more difficult to remove electrons and first ionization energy is the energy necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom. (b) Although the general trend is to have Boron with a higher first ionization energy than Berylium, Boron's ionization potential is lowered and Berylium's ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (c) O loses one electron and makes it easier to remove the electron and lowers the ionization potential. For nitrogen, it more difficult to remove the electron and raises the ionization potential.And since Oxygen's ionization potentia l is lowered and Nitrogen's ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (d) Na has a lower first ionization energy than Li and also a lower ionization energy than Ne. Ne has the second highest first ionization energy of all the elements. â€Å"1s2†Ã‚  is the most preferred electron configuration. â€Å"s2  p6†Ã‚  of other shells are also highly preferred. Ne has the second highest first ionization potential because it’s â€Å"2s22p6†. 4. (a) The type of decay expected for Carbon-11 would be positron emission. 116C -; 115B + 01e (b) The type of decay expected for Carbon-14 would be Beta Decay as well. 46C -; 147N + 0-1? (c) Gamma rays have no mass or charge, so they need not be shown in nuclear equations. (d) Measure the amount of Carbon-14 in the dead wood and compare with the amount of Carbon-14 in a similar living object. 5. (a) 23494Pu -; 23092U + 42? (b) The missing mass has been converted into energy (E  =  mc2). (c) A line should be drawn curving downward from the path of the dotted line. This will represent the path of the alpha particles which are repelled by the positive plate and attracted by the negative one. A second line should be drawn upward from the path of the dotted line.This will represent the path of the beta particles which are repelled by the negative plate and attracted by the positive one. The line should curve more than the one for the alpha particles. A third line should be drawn as a continuation of the dotted line. This will represent the gamma rays. (d) Incineration is a chemical process. The only thing any chemical process can do is connect radioactive atoms to other atoms, which has no effect on the radioactivity. 6. (a) As you go down the column in the alkali metals, the outer shell electrons are farther from the nucleus.The attraction for the outer shell electrons is decreased and because the attraction is decreased, therefore the melting point decreases. (b) Intermolecular forces de termine boiling and melting points. Halogens are all diatomic, which means they bond with themselves. In these diatomic compounds, the only intermolecular force is  London forces. The larger molecules can form temporary dipoles easier than small molecules. The larger molecules as you go down the column have a greater attractive force. This increases the melting point as you go down the column. 7. a) As radius increases the heat of reaction decreases. Which means less energy released by ionic attraction. (b) As ionization energy increases the heat of reaction decreases, which means more energy is required to form M2+ while other factors remain unchanged 8. Metals are good conductors of heat, generally malleable, and react by losing electrons to form cations. They tend to have â€Å"s1†,   â€Å"s2†,   â€Å"s2p1†, or   â€Å"s2p2†Ã‚  as their outer shell. Most metals have just â€Å"s1†Ã‚  or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"s2†. Nonmetals are poor conductor s of heat, brittle, and gain electrons when reacting with metals to form anions.Nonmetals have either 3, 4, 5, or 6 electrons in the p subshell in addition to s2  of the same shell number. When the last subshell is a d, the outer shell is s2  of the next shell. Occasionally there will be only 1 electron in the s subshell and this explains when the transition elements are metals. When the last subshell is a â€Å"f†, the outer shell is s2  of the second higher shell and this explains when the lanthanides and actinides are metals. This proves how more than half of the periodic table are metals. 9. (a) â€Å"you have not learned this one yet† (b) â€Å"F2†Ã‚  has the highest  electronegativity  and  electron affinity.Thus it has the greatest attraction for extra electrons. F2   +   2e -;  2F  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1   This makes the reaction more likely to occur. â€Å"I2†Ã‚  has the lowest electronegativity and electron affinity. Thus it has less a ttraction for extra electrons making the reaction  Ã‚   I2   +   2e -;   2I  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1   less likely to occur. Because it can disperse the charge better, the reaction does occur. (c) The trend for alkali metals shows a very small variation in reducing strength without a real trend. Cesium has the lowest ionization potential and Lithium has the highest ionization potential. However, there is not a great difference in the alkali metals.

A Quick Tour of the First McDonalds

Founder Ray Kroc’s first McDonald’s, known as Store #1, opened on April 15, 1955, in Des Plaines, Illinois. This first store sported a red-and-white tile building and the now very recognizable large Golden Arches. The first McDonald’s offered lots of parking (no inside service) and featured a simple menu of hamburgers, fries, shakes, and drinks. Origins of the Idea   Ray Kroc, the owner of Prince Castle Sales, had been selling Multimixers, machines that allowed restaurants to mix five milkshakes at one time, since 1938. In 1954, 52-year-old Kroc was surprised to learn of a small restaurant in San Bernadino, California that not only had five Multimixers but used them nearly non-stop. Before long, Kroc was on his way to visit. The restaurant that was using the five Multimixers was McDonald’s, owned and operated by brothers Dick and Mac McDonald. The McDonald brothers had originally opened a restaurant called McDonald’s Bar-B-Q in 1940 but revamped their business in 1948 to focus on a more limited menu. McDonalds sold only nine items, which included hamburgers, chips, slices of pie, milkshakes, and drinks. Kroc loved the McDonald’s concept of a limited menu with fast service and convinced the McDonald brothers to broaden their business with nation-wide franchises. Kroc opened his first McDonald’s the following year, on April 15, 1955, in Des Plaines, Illinois. What Did the First McDonald’s Look Like? The very first of Ray Kroc’s McDonald’s was designed by architect Stanley Meston. Located at 400 Lee Street in Des Plaines, Illinois, this first McDonald’s had a red-and-white tile exterior and large Golden Arches that flanked the sides of the building. Outside, a large red and white sign announced the â€Å"Speedee service system.† Ray Kroc wanted quality with quick service and so the first McDonald’s character was Speedee, a cute little guy with a hamburger for a head. Speedee stood on top of that first sign, holding another sign advertising â€Å"15 cents† – the low cost of a hamburger. (Ronald McDonald would replace Speedee in the 1960s.) Also outside were plenty  of parking spots for customers to wait for their car-hop service (there was no inside seating). While waiting in their cars, customers could order from the very limited menu that included hamburgers for 15 cents, cheeseburgers for 19 cents, French fries for 10 cents, shakes for 20 cents, and all other drinks for just 10 cents. Inside the first McDonald’s a crew of workers, wearing dark slacks and a white shirt covered by an apron would prepare the food quickly. At the time, fries were made fresh from potatoes and Coca Cola and root beer were drawn directly from a barrel. The McDonalds Museum The original McDonald’s underwent a number of remodels over the years but in 1984 it was torn down. In its place, a nearly exact replica (they even used the original blueprints) was built in 1985 and turned into a museum. The museum is simple, perhaps too simple. It looks just like the original McDonald’s, even sporting mannequins pretending to work at their stations. However, if you want to actually eat McDonald’s food, you have to go across the street where a modern McDonald’s awaits your order. However, you may have more fun by visiting these eight amazing McDonalds restaurants. Important Dates in McDonald’s History 1958 – McDonald’s sells its 100 millionth hamburger 1961 – Hamburger University opens 1962 – The first McDonald’s with indoor seating (Denver, Colorado) 1965 – There are now over 700 McDonald’s restaurants 1966 – Ronald McDonald appears in his first TV commercial 1968 – The Big Mac is first offered 1971 – Ronald McDonald gets friends – Hamburglar, Grimace, Mayor McCheese 1975 – The first McDonald’s drive-thru opens 1979 – Happy Meals introduced 1984 – Ray Kroc dies at age 81

Orson And Citizen Kane, Touch Of Evil, And Othello, Make...

Elie Rahbani 201300566 History of film paper: Topic: Orson welles Question: How do the formalistic and ideological patterns found in Orson Welles’s movies; Citizen Kane, Touch of Evil, and Othello, make him a great auteur? Outline: †¢ 1. Orson Welles (Biography and 3 films) †¢ 2. Formalistic patterns: âž ¢ Mise en Scene in each film âž ¢ Editing in each film †¢ 3. Ideological patterns (in each film) †¢ 4. Orson Welles as an Auteur 1. Orson Welles: Biography: Orson Welles was born on the 6th of May in 1915 and died in 1985, on the 10th of October. He used to play magic, paint, and play the piano as a child, a later on he found himself directing, producing, writing and acting. Orson Welles performed in Romeo and Juliet, and started a radio career at the same time in 1934. He created the Mercury theatre, which was a success back then, but ended it due to financial problems and settled down on filmmaking. After these many activities, he filmed the famous Citizen Kane in 1939 but released in 1941. Then the movie’s audience rated it as one of best films ever made. Orson’s defense about his movies was that they were specially affected by his life experiences that got him to a point of self-destruction. Many of his next films weren’t that successful but in spite of that, his reputation as a filmmaker has highly climbed ever since. 3 Films: a) Citizen Kane: Charles Foster Kane is one of the wealthiest and dominant men in the US dies so a newspaperman decides to work in his deathShow MoreRelatedOrson Wells3937 Words   |  16 PagesOrson Welles: The Man, the Myth†¦ the Communist? â€Å"One of the most promising artists of our day,† â€Å" One of the most accomplished dramatic artists of the twentieth century, â€Å" and â€Å"A major creative force and ultimate auteur,† were all praises and titles from major media moguls, publications, and critics given to Orson Welles. Not too shabby for someone who hasn’t even turned thirty yet, eh? Right out of the gate Welles proved to be an innovative and artistic force that could hold its own, and even

Essay on Basketball Needs To Be Fixed - 1318 Words

Basketball Needs to Be Fixed nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Professional and college basketball have become very popular in the hearts and minds of many Americans. Millions of dollars a year are spent on apparel, tickets, and television all generated by peoples love for basketball. But in the last couple of years, both the National Basketball Association (NBA) and college basketball have lost a substantial amount of their competition and have caught much criticizim for it. At the heart of this problem is a single cause, greed. The game of basketball has become all about money instead of the game and its fans. This problem needs to be addressed, and the best place to start is with the college players, or more specifically, the NBA draft.†¦show more content†¦College basketball markets their teams after their best players, when those players decide to go pro early, the promotion of college basketball is hurt; along with the overall talent level of the league is lowered drastically. Games become less interesting because the players are not as talented. This in turn hurts the television networks because people do not like watching games in which they do not know who the players are. And then, that in turn hurts the league and the schools again because the networks will not pay as much to televise the games as they once did. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The schools and the league are not the only ones hurt, by leaving school early hoping to make the big bucks the players hurt themselves. In the world that we live in today, if you do not have a college degree, opportunities are limited. Look at the statistics, 60 players are drafted each year, and there are only 360 roster spots in the entire NBA. The chances that each player drafted will make the team is almost an impossibility. Some people go back to school and try to finish their degrees, but most do not because once you give up your eligibility, you cannot get it back, with means most of them cannot afford to go back to school. This leaves a lot of people out of work and with no degree. By keeping the college players in school, most will achieveShow MoreRelatedThe Mindsets Can Cope With The Failure Of The Difference Way1130 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is mindset? It is a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determined how you will interpret and respond to situations. According to Carol Dweck’s mindset book, people in the world was divided into two mindsets: the fixed mindset and the growth mindset. Fixed mindset which is people think that the intelligent, smart, high potential of learning is the natural ability. It has already in their body when they was born and this abilities never change. You are smart or not that who you areRead MoreVariable Costs1487 Words   |  6 PagesANSWER KEY on page 5. Also provide BRIEF answers to each of the 4 â€Å"essay type/logical† questions. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. A manufacturer produces 1,000 basketballs each day, which it sells to customers for $30 each. All costs associated with production and sales total $10,000; however, if the manufacturer were to produce one additional basketball per day, total costs would increase to $10,100. From these amounts, we can tell that a. the firm has negative profit. b. marginal cost equals $100.Read MoreBaseball Is The Hardest Sport Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesa sport one can just start playing and expect to be exceptional at. Baseball requires players to be in tremendous shape all season long. Not only do they need to be in good shape to perform well, but to avoid physical injuries. Some common injuries to our bodies can be various sprains and strains in areas such as our legs and back. Players need to keep their bodies in good overall condition, but also their arms as well. Throwing a baseball too much can be grueling on the arm because it is not a naturalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Boys Beware 1277 Words   |  6 Pagesa school district as well. When an entire police department helps to create a film about a problem, the viewer will understand that the problem is real. This is a great use of ethos, as the viewer now knows that the problem shown in the film needs to be fixed. This is extremely effective to parents because, in comparis on to teenagers, parents better understand and acknowledge the power of the police. In addition to the police department, the Inglewood Unified School district also helped create theRead MoreThe University Of Never Land987 Words   |  4 Pagesprofit. The school wants to borrow $1,000,000 to help renovate the Dumbo Arena where the basketball and volleyball teams play, but Rocky Balboa has one more financial issue he needs to fix. He must get the associate athletic director to develop a policy and procedures statement for the athletic department on how account payables and receivables are handled so that bills will be paid on time. Once this issue is fixed, then Mr. Balboa can work with the arena on securing the loan to renovate Dubmo ArenaRead MoreConverse case study1357 Words   |  6 PagesConverse 1. How would you define the needs, wants, and demands of the Converse customer? Needs lead to wants, wants lead to demands, demands lead to perception. Consumers want stylish shoes, so they demand that they be affordable. A need is a state of deprivation, and some needs according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs are more crucial than others, in this case Converse customers need shoes to protect their feet, this is a basic need. A want is the form human needs take as they are shaped by cultureRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesto Reardan, and also, Penelopes dad is racist. Still, they become close friends and start dating. He also makes friends with Roger (surprisingly), since Roger is a friend of Penelope. When Junior made the basketball team, they become closer. Roger even gave Junior a ride home after a basketball game. Arnold also becomes a friend of a geek, Gordy. They were both outcasts, and they understood how it felt to not fit in. After making all these friends, he feels that he is starting to f it in with theRead MoreCredit Card Payment Options At Williams Arena1205 Words   |  5 PagesBusinesses that offer multiple payment options reap the rewards of increased sales and larger profit margins1. Williams Arena, the home of University of Minnesota Gopher Basketball, currently accepts only cash at their concession stands during events. This proposal aims to encourage you to introduce credit card payment options at Williams Arena for the upcoming seasons. Doing this would benefit both the Gopher Athletics’ sales department and the patrons of the arena. After the problem is describedRead MoreThe Report On The Undercover Boss Television1448 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently the CEO and owner of the Utah Jazz National Basketball team in Salt Lake City, Utah. The family business was passed down to Greg from his father, Larry H. Miller who passed away. The Jazz organization has about 90 members within their System of Hierarchy (See Appendix A). Every department reports to Ra ndy Rigby (President), and his report are giving to the CEO. The Utah Jazz mission is the rightful become one of the National Basketball Association elite teams. The arena was built to restoreRead MoreJob performance is normally measured by task related statements and behaviors. Nowadays,800 Words   |  4 Pagesintended to cause harm and it is when the player makes an illegal physical contact on the opponent. Also technical fouls falls under both categories and basketball fouls do not always fall under the definition of counterproductive performance but many do. Organization citizenship and counterproductive performance are dynamic overtime and it is not fixed in the individual’s performance. Individual players are to be changing in their rank over time and it can indicate the occurrence of dynamic criteria

Ethics How Should I Live My Life free essay sample

April 15, 2011 How Should I Live? Immanual Kant vs. Jon Stuart Mill In their works â€Å"Principle of Utility† and the â€Å"Categorically Imperative† the philosophers Kant and Mill have addressed one of the most prominent questions humans have asked ourselves since the beginning of time; what are the fundamental moral principles that we should base our lives on? My intent is to show how each of these philosophers in their approach this subject yielding totally different results. I will compare and contrast and ultimately determine which of their philosophies I personally find better suited to my own way of life.I will also point out when sometimes you can have circumstances when they do not contradict each other. â€Å"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure† Classics of Moral and Political Theory, 3rd edition p. 398). The purpose of the above passage is to define that the moral choice according to Mill.According to him when presented with a choice of actions to take, the correct and moral action is to choose the one which will produce in its consequences the greatest amount of pleasure and the least amount of pain in the world. To help understand his concept I present the following scenarios in which we would need to make a moral choice according to the above framework. Let’s suppose that while driving we are stopped at a traffic light and a couple of young kids ask you for a donation to help them make a trip to another state for their National Little League Championship. The outcome seems to depend on how much you need the money. If you were out of a job, struggling to make payments on the rent or food for example giving away your money will definitely decrease your own happiness more than it would increase the happiness of others. However if you have some disposable income giving it away to the little league of baseball players would who need it more it would definitely increase their happiness, therefor increasing the total amount of happiness in the world as the Principle of Utility demands. Another scenario would be as follows.Imagine that you are harboring a fugitive that committed a petty crime but that you know without any doubt that he has the cure of a disease that currently kills hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. If this person gets caught by the police he would never have the chance to develop the cure. The police go to your house and ask you if you have seen the person in question. Now if you are following the Principle of Utility you have to consider the impact on the total amount of happiness each of the two possibilities, telling the police the truth or you telling them something else will bring about.If we examine what could happen if you tell the police the truth, we can see that the police’s happiness will be increased as the lack of pain from future victims of the fugitive’s crimes. But when we compare this against the happiness of the people whose lives will be saved by cure that the fugitive will be helping create we can see that in this case the greatest good will be done by telling the police that you have not seen the petty thief.In this case the long term effect of the decision helps make it a clear choice according to Mills. Long term consequences are also evident in the third scenario. In this scenario you find yourself witness of a horrible crime being committed, let’s say a rape. At first considering the demands of the Pri nciple of Utility the choices are a little difficult to discern for if you choose to end the life of the rapist you are denying him much pleasure of the long term and causing him a lot of pain in the short term. Not doing so will also bring overall loss of pleasure by the victim and increase of pain would occur. Nevertheless if we consider the consequences of not only the short term but also the long term the death of the rapist would most likely spare many in the future from pain and trauma and preserving their opportunity for pleasure, and thus the Principle of Utility would demand that you take the rapist’s life to spare the lives of his victim and his other future ones as well.Let’s continue now to examine Kant’s Categorical Imperative. The first formulation of which is something that reminds me somewhat to the Golden Rule, Do Unto Others as You Would Have Others Do Unto You. (except the Golden Rule does not make for example a duty to be benevolent to others) â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it would become a universal law. † (p. 851) Kant explains this by a series of example one of which goes something like t his. If I run out of money I might be tempted to borrow some, even though I know I would be unable to repay it. I am acting on the maxim â€Å"Whenever I believe myself short of money, I will borrow money and promise to pay it back although I know that this will never be done† I cannot will that everyone should act on this maxim because if everyone asked for money but then would never pay it back nobody would believe the promise of the borrowers. A promise would lose its meaning.Therefore we could not borrow money under this circumstance as doing it would violate the categorical imperative Kant defines perfect duty as those which must be fulfilled under any circumstances and dictate a specific course of action; he defines imperfect duties as those which are more subject to circumstances and allow a certain degree of freedom in deciding how to comply with it. I see the difference between these duties as the one where are required by a society to function and those required by a soci ety to be good and civil. Some actions are so constituted that their maxims cannot without contradiction even be thought as a universal law of nature, much less willed as what should become one. In the case of others this internal impossibility is indeed not found, but there is still no possibility of willing that their maxim should be raised to the universality of a law of nature because such a will would contradict itself. He is trying to say that if it would be against one’s own interest for everyone to act on a particular maxim one cannot will the maxim to be universal as to make it universal it would go against one’s own interest.Let’s revisit the examples I gave earlier to see how our behavior would change if we let our actions be dictated by the Categorical Imperative. In the first scenario, whether to donate to the little league baseball team, it would seem that the fate of the team would be to never be able to travel as (assuming most of their finances come from donations) if people were never to donate to them any money, but none of that would prevent anyone who does have money from not donating to this club.This seems to indicate that donating to the little league baseball club is not a perfect duty. However it would be against one’s own interest for the whole world to be so stingy towards all little league baseball clubs or any other amateur sports clubs for that matter, so one could not will that to be the case and so donating to this club would be an imperfect duty. In the second scenario, whether to lie to the police about the hidden fugitive, following Kant’s Categorical Imperative is that one has a perfect duty to never lie, even in such situation. Let’s analyze that. According to Kant if everyone were to lie in an attempt to achieve some desirable result, even one as benefitting as saving hundreds of thousands of lives, the meaning of language would cease to be as people would start lying for anything they can think would be for the greater good at the end. The maxim in that case would be that you could lie as long as it was to save someone’s life (in this case the large number of sick people that would have been cured). If that maxim would become universal then we could no longer tell if anyone was telling the truth.Everyone would become untrustworthy communication between people would cease and therefore we would be unable to lie; in this case the categorical Imperative demands that we refrain from lying, even if doing so prevents from bringing about undesirable results. At the same time this still does not required us to always tell the truth; we can simply refrain from saying anything if telling the truth would violate another imperfec t duty, and in my example it most definitely would since not speaking in this case (even though it may raise suspicion from the police) would be curing people of a disease all over the world a most noble imperfect duty.We can also apply the same line of reasoning to my third scenario, whether to kill a criminal to stop him from committing a horrible crime, in this case a rape. To allow killing to achieve a greater good would result in much killing all around, possibly resulting in oneself getting killed in the process and thus making impossibly for one to act at all. It seems that no one could will such anarchy to take place. We could modify the maxim here to say that killing is allowed if only to prevent another death, but what we are talking about ere is about the preservation of life, and as with the case of lying to the police, many people could by such a maxim feel themselves justified in killing others to achieve other ends that have nothing to do with stopping a crime. This would result in the anarchy described above so we cannot make it according to Kant a perfect duty but instead at least an imperfect one to not kill even when faced with the opportunity of preventing a crime. Kant’s second formulation of the Categorical Imperative is: Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. (p. 855). Here Kant states that if a maxim diminishes the freedom of choice of others, which he proclaims is one of the uncond itional values of humanity, as a means to obtain other goods then that makes it an immoral maxim violating the definition of perfect duty. Anyone who uses deceptive or coercive methods to undermine the freedom of choice and action exercised by others also violates perfect duty.Looking at the first scenario again, whether to donate to the baseball club. If nobody donated any money it would not mean that you are using other people as a means to an end, you would be just ignoring them not using them at all, so donating is not a prefect duty as the failure of not doing so does not involve misusing other people. However refusing to donate to the little league is a failure to account for other people as ends themselves.People need to have means in order to exercise their will, so limited means makes it much harder for people to exercise their free will. Therefore if not donating would deprive them of resources, it would be a failure to account for the club’s members ability to freely act as an end of one’s own actions and so it makes it an imperfect duty to donate money to the little league baseball club. In th e second scenario whether to lie to the police about the location of the fugitive, resource here is information. For an individual to act freely, he must have accurate information which means that if you lie to someone you are giving them information that is not valid thus not only depriving them of the resource they need to act freely but you are taking away the power they have to exercise their will. In this scenario lying to the police even with such good motive as getting a cure to a disease that will save hundreds and thousands of lives is to treat the police as a means to an end disregarding the right to exercise their free will.This make in this example a a perfect duty not to lie. However we can also see how there would be an imperfect duty not to tell the police where the fugitive is, for doing so would be a failure to take into account the fugitive as an end in themselves, getting caught and sent to jail would impede his ability to exercise his free will so according to Kant the correct choice in this case would be to refuse to talk to the police even when this would bring about suspi cion and possibly further actions from the police.If we apply the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative to the third example it seems clear that killing another person, even a rapist, would certainly limit his ability to exercise their own will, so the Kant’s second formulation would require as a perfect duty not to kill the criminal even to save another person from being raped. So as we can see when we apply the principles from Kent and Mills we find ourselves following different path of actions.In my first example donating to the Little League Baseball Club both Kent and Mills proclaim that donating is the correct choice to make. But when analyzing the second and third example their philosophies start to disagree as what is the right thing to do. The Categorical Imperative is more rigid insisting that we must not lie to the police and we must not kill the rapist as it is a perfect duty in all cases. The Principle of Utility in contrast allows more room to apply our rational to consider the consequences.It allows certain actions such as lying and killing if it is for the greater good. What is the correct moral framework on which we should base our lives on? Even though I find aspects of each these systems commendable I believe that neither system has been perfectly created. The Principles of Utility relies heavily on the consequences of one’s actions to flag a course of action as correct or incorrect. Only by looking our action and their consequences in retrospect we can truly determine if the course of action taken was the correct one. If we had the luxury of foreseeing all consequences then it would be a perfect system but since we always have to make decisions without knowing the ramifications of our actions and most times we only have partial information it does not seem that one should base one’s life solely on the principles that Mills dictates. What is needed is a set of rules we can use to adapt our actions to that will always produce the biggest benefit or the least amount of harm in the long run even if in the short term produces consequences that are not as good as other course of action.The Categorical Imperative at first seems to be a good standard for behavior but at the end of my analysis I do not feel comfortable with the absolute rules where by following them we can find ourselves in a scenario where one cannot even lie to save a life let alone kill to prevent it. It just seems too open for abuse with great benefits by those who did not obeyed the laws akin to what I think would happen if our right to carry arms was taken away so law abiding citizens would not possess any arms but the criminals would, putting the rest of us in a very precarious situation unable to defend ourselves.At the end I align myself a little more with Mills, I would like to think that if I ever in the situation of the last example I gave I would have enough courage to try stop a rape from happening and any action up to an including killing the rapist would be defensible in court, of course I would prefer to be able to stop it from happening without to resorting to such extreme measures.If the basis of a free society is the right to liberty and property then our duty should be not just to not impede others to have it but to also defend others when their rights to either are being taken away. I have a have a personal duty to defend those in danger and to give those in need and even if not everyone adheres to these moral guidelines we will all be as a society better off as the general happiness wil l certainly reach a higher level.